Khob rauv

Lub lauj kaub rauv
Lub lauj kaub rauv yog cov qauv tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv refractory uas tsis muaj kev sib cuag ntawm lub cub tawg thiab lub khob. iav yog melted nyob rau hauv ob peb lub lauj kaub ua los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv refractory uas yog resistant rau iav nres ntawm kub kub. Cov lauj kaub tau them nrog ib pawg, uas tau yaj dhau ob peb teev thiab ua haujlwm ntawm 24 lossis 18- teev. Lub lauj kaub nruab nrab tuaj yeem tuav tau 600-700 kg ntawm iav. Lub lauj kaub rauv yog siv qhov twg iav yog tsim los ntawm tes thiab lub qhov ncauj tshuab. Ib qho txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab ke no yog ntau hom iav tuaj yeem yaj tib lub sijhawm. Lub lauj kaub siv tau txog li 30 lub voj voog yaj thiab yog li tsim tau ntawm 18 thiab 21 tonnes iav.

Tank Furnaces
Tank Furnaces yog siv rau qhov uas yuav tsum tau muaj qhov nruam ntws ntawm iav los pub cov iav tsis siv neeg ua tshuab. Lawv yog cov kev lag luam ntau dua hauv lawv cov roj siv thiab feem ntau yog siv rau kev tsim khoom loj ntawm cov ntim khoom, cov iav tiaj tus, cov qij hluav taws xob, tubing, thiab cov tshuab ua khoom siv hauv tsev. Lub qhov cub loj ntab iav tuaj yeem muaj peev xwm ntawm 2,000 tonnes. Lub tank rauv muaj ib chav da dej, ua los ntawm cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb siab refractory, uas tuaj yeem tiv taus cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov iav molten ntawm qhov kub thiab txias tshaj 1500 degree, thiab superstructure qhov twg combustion tshwm sim. Qhov zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv refractory, siv los tsim lub da dej, tau txhim kho kom zoo dua li qhov uas qee qhov 30 xyoo dhau los, lub neej ntawm lub cub tawg tau qis dua 2 xyoos, tam sim no muaj ntau dua 9 xyoo.

Regenerative combustion rauv
Regenerative combustion furnaces recover heat from the exhaust stream to preheat the incoming combustion air by alternatively passing the exhaust and combustion air through large stacks of latticework refractory brick (regenerators or checkers). There are two sets of regenerators, so that as one is being preheated by the exhaust gases the other is transferring heat to the incoming combustion air. The cycle is reversed approximately every 20 min. Most glass-container plants have either end-fired (burners at each end) or cross-fired (burners on each side) regenerative furnaces, and all flat glass furnaces are cross-fired with five or six ports on each side with two burners for each port. Combustion air preheat temperatures of up to 1400°C may be attained, leading to very high thermal efficiencies. A variant of the regenerative furnace is the recuperator, in which incoming combustion air is preheated continuously by the exhaust gas through a heat exchanger. Recuperative furnaces can achieve 800°C preheated air temperatures. This system is more commonly used in smaller furnaces (25–100 tons per day). For large-capacity installations (>500 tons hauv ib hnub), cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yuav luag txhua zaus siv. Rau nruab nrab-muaj peev xwm (100-500 tons ib hnub), regenerative kawg-chaw nres nkoj furnaces yog feem ntau.

Direct-Fired rauv
Lub qhov cub hluav taws xob ncaj qha tsis siv txhua hom hluav taws xob sib hloov. Feem ntau cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hluav taws xob ncaj qha siv cov pa oxygen es tsis yog huab cua ua oxidizer. Qhov no feem ntau hu ua oxy-fuel melting. Lub ntsiab zoo ntawm oxy-roj melting yog ua kom muaj zog efficiency thiab txo emission ntawm nitrogen oxides (NOx). Los ntawm kev tshem tawm huab cua, nitrogen raug tshem tawm, uas txo qhov ntim ntawm cov pa tawm los ntawm kwv yees li ob feem peb thiab yog li txo lub zog xav tau los ua kom sov cov roj uas tsis siv hauv kev sib txuas. Qhov no kuj ua rau txo qis hauv kev tsim cov thermal NOx. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuab hluav taws xob tsim los rau cov pa oxygen tsis tuaj yeem siv cov cua sov rov qab los ua kom cov pa oxygen. Thaum pib, cov cub tawg uas siv 100% oxy-fuel tau siv feem ntau hauv cov melters me (<100 tons per day), but there is a movement toward using oxy-fuel in larger, float glass plants.

Hluav taws xob rauv
Lub cub hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob tso rau hauv lub cub tawg kom yaj lub iav los ntawm cov cua sov uas muaj cua sov uas tam sim no dhau los ntawm cov iav molten. Cov cua sov no ua haujlwm tau zoo dua, yooj yim rau kev khiav lag luam, muaj kev ua tau zoo ntawm qhov chaw ib puag ncig, thiab muaj cov nqi tsim kho qis dua piv rau cov fossil-fueled furnaces. Txawm li cas los xij, cov fossil fuels yuav xav tau thaum lub qhov cub pib thiab siv los muab cov cua sov hauv qhov kawg ntawm kev ua hauj lwm los yog lub hauv ntej. Cov furnaces no feem ntau tshwm sim hauv cov ntawv me me vim tias ntawm qee qhov me me, tus nqi hluav taws xob siab negates kev txhim kho kev ua haujlwm.

Melting
Cov batch sib tov yog xa mus rau lub melting rauv qhov twg cov batch yog rhuab mus rau kwv yees li 1580 degree (2875 degree F). Rwb thaiv tsev, tshwj xeeb airflow nta, thiab combustion cua cua sov ua kom lub cub tawg ua hauj lwm ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws roj efficiency nrog negligible pa phem emissions. Cov batch yog yaj los ntawm fossil fuels, natural gas, los yog roj roj.
Lub melting rauv muaj refractory cib, nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si txheem thiab tshwj xeeb daim duab, kev txhawb nqa, thiab khi hlau, rwb thaiv tsev, roj firing system, kub sensors, thiab cov tsim nyog tswj. Tus tsim ntawm lub cub tawg yog yoog raws li cov nroj tsuag cov hom phiaj tshwj xeeb tonnage.
Los ntawm lub melter lub iav ntws los ntawm lub duav rov sauv cheeb tsam, qhov twg stirrers homogenize lub iav rau hauv qhov kawg ua hauj lwm. Lub duav yog ib tug refractory lined kwj dej uas txuas lub melter mus rau qhov kawg ua hauj lwm.

Melter combustion
Lub tshuab hluav taws xob siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los khaws cov khib nyiab pov tseg uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov pa hluav taws xob uas tsim los thaum lub sij hawm tua hluav taws ntawm lub qhov cub. Cov khib nyiab pov tseg yog siv los ua kom cua sov ua ntej thaum lub sij hawm tua hluav taws tom ntej, uas ua rau muaj kev txhim kho loj hauv kev lag luam roj.
Thawj lub voj voog yuav pib nrog kev tua tawm ntawm sab qaum teb ntawm lub qhov cub. Cov roj, xws li roj av lossis roj roj yog nkag mus rau hauv lub cub tawg los ntawm ob peb lub burners uas nyob hauv qab cov chaw nres nkoj. Raws li cov roj nkag mus rau hauv lub melter nws yog tov nrog combustion cua uas tau mus los ntawm thiab tau preheated los ntawm lub regenerator. Cov roj rau huab cua piv thiab tag nrho cov roj rau txhua lub qhov cub thiab qhov chaw nres nkoj yog tswj tau zoo heev. Raws li cov roj cua sib tov nkag mus rau hauv lub melter, cov roj yog ignited los ntawm cov kub kub ntawm lub melter thiab ib tug nruam nplaim tsim uas yuav txuas mus rau ze li ntawm tag nrho cov dav ntawm lub melter. Lub combustion pa gasses tawm lub melter los ntawm cov chaw nres nkoj nyob rau sab qab teb sab ntawm lub melter, ua ib tug 90 degree tig thiab ntws downward los ntawm lub South regenerator. Regenerators yog cov qauv refractory nrog thaj tsam ntawm 11m x 3m thiab qhov siab ntawm 10m. Nyob rau hauv lub regenerators, ib tug matrix ntawm refractory bricks yog stacked los ntawm lub hauv qab mus rau theem chaw nres nkoj. Cov cib siv cua sov thaum cov pa khib nyiab dhau los ntawm qhov qhib hauv lub cib matrix. Nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub regenerator yog ib tug refractory lined pa flue uas channel cov pa gasses los ntawm ib tug reversing valve mus rau lub chimney rau tawm. Cov roj khib nyiab dhau los ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob ua kom sov lub cib (checkers) mus rau 650 degree nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub checker matrix thiab mus rau 1320 degree nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm lub matrix.
Thaum cov checkers ntawm South regenerator tau mus txog lawv qhov siab tshaj plaws kub, lub cub tawg rov qab. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov roj noj tau nres ntawm sab qaum teb thiab pib rau sab qab teb nrog rau qhov hloov pauv hloov pauv txoj haujlwm kom lub qhov hluav taws xob sab qaum teb qhib rau lub qhov hluav taws xob thiab sab qab teb lub qhov hluav taws xob kaw rau lub qhov hluav taws xob thiab qhib rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob. muab cov cua combustion uas tuaj yeem ntws mus rau sab qab teb regenerator, noj cov cua sov, thiab ua ke nrog roj los ntawm South port burners los muab combustion rau lub melter.
Lub qhov cub hluav taws xob hloov pauv nws cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev tua hluav taws nyob rau ib ntus, feem ntau txhua txhua 15 mus rau 20 feeb, kom nws rov qab tau qee qhov cua sov uas ploj hauv cov pa paug pov tseg thiab yog li ua kom nws ua haujlwm tau zoo dua.

Kev kho kom zoo
Lub refiner yog ib qho txuas ntxiv ntawm lub melter nrog thaj tsam ntawm 13m x 9.5m (123.5m2). Thaum tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv nyoos tau yaj tas lawm, cov roj ntau ntau uas nyob hauv lub khob tuaj yeem ua npuas, noob, lossis hlwv. Lub hom phiaj ntawm lub refiner yog tshem tawm cov gaseous inclusions.

tsim
Thaum cov iav tau ua kom zoo dua qub, cov iav molten yog npaj los tsim rau hauv cov duab uas xav tau. Qhov no yog ua los ntawm dipping ib tug hlau pas nrig, hu ua ib tug sib sau ua ke, rau hauv lub cub tawg thiab sau ib tug blob ntawm molten iav nyob rau hauv lub kawg. Cov neeg ua haujlwm iav ces ua rau lub khob los ntawm kev tshuab mus rau hauv kev sib sau ua ke, siv cua siab los tsim cov ntawv xav tau.

Txias
Thaum lub khob tau tsim, nws yog txias maj mam mus rau hauv chav sov li ob peb teev lossis txawm hnub. Qhov no yog ua tiav nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem hu ua annealing, uas yuav pab tiv thaiv kom txhob muaj kev ntxhov siab nyob rau hauv lub khob los ntawm cia nws txias maj mam thiab tusyees. Cov iav tiav lawm ces npaj tau polished, txiav, lossis lwm yam tiav raws li qhov xav tau.